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The Meaning of Diaspora in African American Culture
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF DIASPORA?
The word "diaspora" was first used to describe the forced migration of the Jewish people from their homeland in the 6th century BCE. It has since been used to describe other mass migration or forced relocation instances. This article explores the significance of diaspora within the context of African-American history and culture.
African Fantasy, woodcut art by James Lesesne Wells (November 2, 1902 - January 20, 1993)
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF DIASPORA?
The word "diaspora" was first used to describe the forced migration of the Jewish people from their homeland in the 6th century BCE. It has since been used to describe other mass migration or forced relocation instances.
Diaspora refers to a group of people living outside their original homeland, often sharing a national or regional origin.
Definition: DI-AS-PO-RA / noun. A dispersion of a people, language, or culture that was formerly concentrated in one place, to scatter, to displace, to live in separated communities.
The Diaspora Experience
The diaspora experience presents a unique struggle. This is partly because navigating issues like identity, language barriers, and assimilation while maintaining an emotional attachment to your country of origin is challenging.
Examples of Diaspora Groups
The Jewish diaspora in 70 CE, when the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem, led to widespread migration.
The Irish people experienced a diaspora due to famine and other poor conditions.
Syrian, Palestinian, and Armenian diasporas arose due to regional conflicts.
Polish communities were established in the United States, Canada, Brazil, and the United Kingdom due to upheavals in the 18th century and World War II.
Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and other countries were severely impacted by the natural disaster of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
Leaving your traditional homeland can be a traumatic experience. Navigating difficulties and unique struggles in your destination country while remaining connected to your home and cultural roots can be challenging.
Inhabitants in the new nation often outnumber the newly arriving diasporic populations.
There are different types of diasporas. The African diaspora comprised a voluntary and involuntary movement of the people of Africa and their descendants to various parts of the world. This occurred over several centuries.
The movement was both voluntary and involuntary.
In modern times, African migrants have sought better economic or educational opportunities in other countries. That movement is a voluntary diaspora.
Slavery was an involuntary movement of Africans.
Enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to various parts of the world.
This article explores the significance of diaspora within the context of African-American history and culture.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT of African-AMERICA diaspora
For over 2,000 years, humans have forced others into slavery in different parts of the world.
During the period between 1500 and 1900, many people from West Africa and West Central Africa were displaced and transported across the Atlantic under inhumane conditions by Europeans.
Africans were forcibly taken from their homeland and deprived of their true selves. They had professions like farming, trading, and music-making and held roles as soldiers. They were family members - spouses, parents, and children, torn from their loved ones. They might have been part of ethnic communities such as the Yoruba, Igbo, Akan, or Kongolese.
European slavers transported Africans across the Americas to lead lives of degradation and brutality. Millions died in the process.
The journey across the Atlantic is called the Middle Passage. The sail took 6 to 8 weeks. Once in the Americas, Africans were offloaded and sold for labor.
The ships then returned to Europe with goods such as sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, and later cotton, which had been produced by enslaved labor.
European Transatlantic Triangle
The European transatlantic triangle was commonly known as the triangular trade. As part of the Atlantic slave trade, it was a detailed system that facilitated the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
European ships would sail to Africa, loaded with guns, cloth, and alcohol. These goods were traded for enslaved Africans and then transported across the Atlantic.
Once in the Americas, the enslaved individuals were sold.
The ships would then return to Europe, loaded with American goods. These goods primarily included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and coffee, which were highly sought after in Europe.
That completed the triangle.
New England Triangle Trade
The New England triangle trade was a subset of the more extensive transatlantic trade system but had distinct characteristics. Colonies in North America were part of the trade process instead of Europe.
New England ships often set sail to the West African coast carrying barrels of rum, a product of the region's burgeoning distilleries.
This rum was traded for enslaved Africans and transported to the West Indies. In the Caribbean, these enslaved individuals were traded for molasses and sugar, which were brought back to New England.
Once back in New England, molasses produced more rum, thus perpetuating the cycle.
New England also traded fish, livestock, and lumber to the West Indies in exchange for fruits, spices, and other goods not readily available in the colder northern colonies.
The colonists in the Americas also made direct slaving voyages to Africa, which did not follow the triangular route. This trade increased after 1800, mainly from Brazil.
The transatlantic slave trade, which forcibly transported millions of Africans to the Americas, lasted over 400 years.
As a result, people of African descent are dispersed throughout the Americas and Western Europe. This is called the African Diaspora.
Populations in the diaspora frequently maintain strong cultural ties to their homeland and community members.
CULTURAL RETENTION AND TRANSFORMATION
African Americans have shown remarkable resilience in preserving their African heritage despite facing numerous challenges and adversities.
The fusion of African and American cultures birthed unique African-American traditions, especially in music, arts and crafts, dance, storytelling, food, religion and spirituality, language, and hair and fashion.
Music
African rhythms and melodies found their way into spirituals, blues, jazz, and gospel music. Call-and-response patterns and specific scales can be traced back to African traditions.
The call-and-response patterns, deeply rooted in African musical traditions, became a hallmark of many African-American songs.
Arts and Crafts
African-American quilting, for instance, has been linked to African textile arts. Patterns, symbols, and techniques in various crafts often draw inspiration from African traditions.
This African-American quilt was created by Mary Jane Lewis Scruggs, born 1866.
The quilter was Mary Jane Lewis Scruggs, born in Missouri in 1866 to formerly enslaved people. Scruggs' family were early settlers in Nicodemus, Kansas, a small town settled by a group of freed African Americans around 1877.
In art, the vibrant colors and patterns merged with American styles, resulting in distinctive visual narratives that told stories of both struggle and triumph. This cultural amalgamation celebrated African heritage while reflecting the African-American experience in a new land.
Dance
Traditional African dances have influenced many African-American dance forms. The "ring shout," a circular, rhythmic dance done during worship, originates in West African dance.
Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre performs legendary Alvin Ailey's Revelations in Miami's Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in 2011.
Storytelling
The African tradition of oral history and storytelling continues in African-American culture. Griots, or storytellers, in Africa, were revered as keepers of history, and this tradition of storytelling remains alive in African-American literature and spoken word performances.
Food
Black-Eyed Peas
Foods like black-eyed peas, okra, and certain rice dishes eaten in Africa were incorporated into American diets.
Many Southern dishes, now considered staples in African-American cuisine, have roots in African cooking.
Religion and Spirituality
While many African Americans adopted Christianity, elements of African spirituality were woven into their religious practices. This can be seen in the more animated worship styles, rituals, and ceremonies.
Language
Elements of African languages were preserved in the Gullah dialect spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. Words like "gumbo" (from the Bantu word for okra) and "banjo" (from the Kimbundu word mbanza) have African origins.
Hair and Fashion
Braiding patterns, dreadlocks, and other hairstyles have roots in African traditions.
Like kente cloth, African fabrics are worn proudly, especially during celebrations or ceremonies.
These examples showcase the enduring spirit of African Americans in preserving and celebrating a rich heritage, even in the face of challenges.
THE GREAT MIGRATION
The Great Migration, which occurred between 1916 and 1970, was a significant movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North. This migration profoundly affected African-American identity and further shaped the concept of diaspora within the United States.
Here are some examples of its impact:
Urbanization of Black America
Before the Great Migration, 90% of African Americans lived in the South. By its end, most lived in the North, West, and South urban areas, transforming the demographic landscape.
Cultural Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s directly resulted from the Great Migration.
Cities like New York became epicenters for Black art, literature, and music, with figures like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston leading the way.
Music
The migration played a role in the spread and evolution of Black music. Jazz, blues, and later, R&B and hip-hop found larger audiences and new influences in the North.
Economic Opportunities
Moving North allowed African Americans better job opportunities, especially in the industrial sector. This shift provided a chance for economic advancement.
Political Mobilization
The increased concentration of African Americans in Northern cities gave them more political influence. The Black vote became crucial for politicians, leading to better representation and advocacy for African-American rights.
Religious Evolution
The migration led to the growth of Black churches in the North, which became community centers and platforms for civil rights activism. New religious movements, like the Nation of Islam, also took root.
Family Dynamics
The migration often involved breaking up families initially, with some members moving North while others stayed behind.
Over time, complex family networks spread across the country, emphasizing the diasporic experience and blending Southern and Northern Black cultural practices.
Reconceptualizing Diaspora
The Great Migration added another layer to the African-American diaspora narrative. It wasn’t just about the journey from Africa to America and the internal movement within the U.S.; it was about searching for better opportunities and freedom from oppression.
Shift in Racial Identity — “The New Negro”
Essentially, the North provided an environment for African Americans to break free from the restrictive roles and stereotypes of the South.
In the North, African Americans found an opportunity to escape the South’s pronounced racial discrimination and redefine their identity.
This shift gave rise to the “New Negro" concept, emphasizing self-respect, independence, and equality.
The term was popularized during the Harlem Renaissance by Alain Locke, who highlighted a renewed sense of African-American identity and pride in the 1920s.
Locke’s anthology, “The New Negro,” showcased this transformative period, making the term central to cultural discussions of the era.
The Great Migration was a period of change that reshaped the African-American experience, identity, and the very concept of diaspora within the U.S.
MODERN INTERPRETATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS
The African-American diaspora, with its rich tapestry of experiences, emotions, and histories, has been an endless source of inspiration for artists, writers, and musicians.
These modern interpretations explore identity, belonging, and cultural fusion.
Here are some examples:
Emancipation Group by Meta Warrick Fuller
Artist Meta Warrick Fuller (June 9, 1877 – March 13, 1968) created the statue Emancipation Group in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the abolishment of slavery.
The figures symbolize race, fate, and humanity. Abraham Lincoln or a former owner is not liberating them. They are freeing themselves.
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
In Invisible Man, writer Ralph Ellison (March 1, 1913 – April 16, 1994) follows an anonymous Black protagonist on a journey from South to North, facing the challenge of being invisible in a society that fails to acknowledge his humanity.
Ellison explores Black identity in America, assimilation, and the difficulty of self-discovery in a society that marginalizes and devalues Black lives.
"To Be Young, Gifted and Black" by Nina Simone
Singer Nina Simone (February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003) was born Eunice Kathleen Waymon. Her song “To Be Young, Gifted and Black” emphasizes self-pride and celebrates Black identity and the potential of Black youth.
Her songs offer an unapologetic exploration of the joys, pains, and hopes within the African-American diaspora and continue to inspire and resonate with listeners.
Exploring the African-American diaspora through the arts honors the rich heritage and challenges of the diasporic experience.
THE CONNECTION TO AFRICA
The Pan-African movement arose in the late 1800s and early 1900s as a response to the colonization and exploitation of Africa. The movement strived to bring together people of African descent from around the world.
Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Kwame Nkrumah, leaders of the day, advocated for the rights and freedom of all African nations.
They acknowledged that Black people everywhere faced unfair treatment and racism.
They believed that by uniting, they could stand against colonial rule, racial discrimination, and oppression.
The Pan-African Congresses assembled activists, thinkers, and leaders across the African diaspora.
They held meetings throughout the 1900s to discuss ways to help African countries gain freedom from European rule so these countries could then make laws for themselves.
They discussed political and economic unity and the shared culture, beliefs, and history of Africa and its people.
DNA testing has allowed individuals to trace their ancestral lineage back to specific regions or tribes in Africa.
Lately, there has been a renewed interest among people of African descent to reconnect with their roots and learn more about their ancestors.
Thanks to new technology from companies like AncestryDNA and 23andMe, people can now find out where their family came from in Africa and better understand their African heritage.
Heritage tourism has gained popularity. In 2019, Ghanan promoted the “Year of Return” to commemorate the 400th year since the first enslaved Africans were taken to America.
This program encourages people with African roots to visit Ghana and learn more about where their ancestors came from.
Such initiatives invite descendants of the African diaspora to visit, explore, and reconnect with the land of their ancestors.
Many people who go on these trips feel a solid connection to Africa. They come to understand and value the different cultures, traditions, and stories that are part of the African background.
These trips often prove to be not only informative but transformative. Travelers gain a sense of belonging and a deeper appreciation for the cultures, traditions, and histories that make up the African diaspora.
THE GLOBAL AFRICAN DIASPORA
The African diaspora represents millions of people of African descent. People who relocated by choice or force.
Caribbean nations, which include Jamaica, Trinidad, and Haiti, are part of the diaspora.
The Latin American diaspora includes Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia.
The European diaspora comprises the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.
Caribbean
Around 5 million enslaved Africans were transported to the Caribbean, of which nearly half were brought to the British Caribbean, totaling 2.3 million. The Caribbean is a melting pot of cultures, and the influence of African heritage is especially prominent.
The legacy of the African diaspora is deeply embedded in the fabric of its societies. This is evident in the traditions and customs of daily life. Islands like Jamaica, Trinidad, and Haiti have rich African influences in their music, dance, food, and religious practices.
Jamaica is an excellent example of African traditions celebrating life's joys and sorrows. Reggae music, deeply rooted in African musical traditions, originated there.
Bob Marley, born Nesta Robert Marley OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981), one of the most famous reggae musicians, often infused his songs with themes of African unity and identity.
Bob Marley’s “Redemption Song” was influenced by a speech given by the Pan-Africanist speaker Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia in October 1937.
"Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery, none but ourselves can free our minds." - This poignant verse in the song is a direct quote from Marcus Garvey's speech.
Trinidad is well-known for its vibrant and colorful carnivals. These annual celebrations, filled with music, dance, and elaborate costumes, originated in the African festivals brought to the island by enslaved people.
The Calypso music, integral to the Trinidadian carnival, carries stories and messages, much like the oral storytelling traditions of West Africa.
Haiti offers another rich tapestry of African influence. It combines elements of West African religions with Taino practices and Catholicism. Vodou ceremonies, with their drumming, chanting, and dancing, are a testament to the resilience and adaptability of African traditions in new environments.
In essence, the Caribbean, with its diverse islands, is a living testament to the enduring and evolving legacy of the African diaspora.
LATIN AMERICA
Similarly, in Latin America, countries like Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela have significant Afro-Latinx populations.
Brazil, in particular, received the largest number of enslaved Africans during the transatlantic slave trade.
It is estimated that 5.5 million Africans were forcibly transported to Brazil.
As a result of this extensive history of the slave trade, Brazil today has the second-largest Black population in the world after Nigeria.
The influence of African culture is deeply embedded in Brazilian society, evident in its music (like samba and bossa nova), dance (such as capoeira), religion (including practices like Candomblé), and cuisine.
Today, the African influence is visible in Brazilian samba music, capoeira martial arts, and the Candomblé religion.
EUROPE
Europe, too, has seen an increasing African presence, especially in countries like the United Kingdom, France, and Portugal, which have historical ties to African nations due to colonialism.
African immigrants and their descendants have contributed significantly to cultural and social landscapes.
The diaspora has left a remarkable influence, from Afrobeat music gaining popularity in London clubs to African-inspired fashion trends in Paris.
Despite the geographical distances and diverse local cultures, the global African diaspora remains interconnected through shared histories, experiences, and a resilient spirit that transcends borders.
LEARN MORE ABOUT IT
Available Books on African and African-America Folktales
Nobles, Wade W. The Infusion of African and African-American Content: A Question of Content and Intent. https://www.nuatc.org/articles/pdf/Nobles_article.pdf.
SOURCES
“The Transatlantic Slave Trade | National Museums Liverpool.” National Museums Liverpool.
“Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora | Perspectives on History | AHA.” Home | AHA.
Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans: A History Paperback – Illustrated. 1997.
Adi, Hakim. Pan-Africanism: A History.
“Pan-Africanism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica.
“Bob Marley - Redemption Song Lyrics | Lyrics.Com.” Lyrics.Com.
“Racialized Frontiers: Slaves and Settlers in Modernizing Brazil | Brazil LAB.” Brazil LAB.
Britain is a great nation that also committed great crimes. (2020, June 27). The Week, 1285, 42.
15 Inspirational Quotes for Young People from Black Leaders
15 INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE FROM BLACK LEADERS
African American leaders have emerged throughout history to inspire and guide young people on their journey toward success. Their wisdom, courage, and unwavering determination have paved the way for progress, equality, and empowerment.
These 15 inspirational quotes serve as guiding lights for youths, encouraging them to dream big, overcome obstacles, and positively impact the world around them.
1) FREDERICK DOUGLASS
“If there is not struggle, there is no progress.”
— Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery. He escaped bondage and became a prominent abolitionist, writer, and orator.
His powerful work, “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave,” shed light on the horrors of slavery and advocated for equal rights and education for African Americans.
TAKE AWAY: Life is full of challenges, but it is in overcoming adversities that you grow, progress, and succeed.
2) MAYA ANGELOU
“SUCCESS IS LIKING YOURSELF, LIKING WHAT YOU DO, AND LIKING HOW YOU DO IT.”
— Maya Angelou (1928-2014)
Maya Angelou was a renowned poet and civil rights activist. Her autobiographical work, “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,” is a poignant exploration of her early life and experiences with trauma and racism.
Angelou’s poetry and writings often touched on empowerment, identity, and resilience themes. She encouraged individuals to pursue their passions and find satisfaction in their areas of interest.
TAKE AWAY: Maya Angelou emphasized the importance of self-acceptance and finding fulfillment in what you love to do.
3) Dr. Mae Jemison
Photo: Courtesy NASA, [Public Domain] via Wikimedia Commons
“NEVER BE LIMITED BY OTHER PEOPLE’S LIMITED IMAGINATIONS.”
— Dr. Mae Jemison (b. 1956)
Dr. Mae Jemison is a physician, engineer, and the first African American woman to travel to space. She served as a NASA astronaut aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor.
She strongly advocates for diversity and inclusion in STEM fields — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. And she encourages young people, especially girls and minorities, to pursue their interests in these fields.
TAKE AWAY: Let your imagination soar, and do not let others limit your goals or dreams.
4) Malcolm x
“EDUCATION IS OUR PASSPORT TO THE FUTURE, FOR TOMORROW BELONGS TO THE PEOPLE WHO PREPARE FOR IT TODAY.”
— Malcolm X (1925-1965)
A prominent human rights activist, Malcolm X, played a crucial role in the civil rights movement. Initially a vocal advocate for black separatism and self-defense, he later embraced a more inclusive and tolerant approach to achieve racial harmony.
His autobiography, “The Autobiography of Malcolm X,” remains a significant account of his transformation and legacy.
TAKE AWAY: Education is empowering. You can use it to help shape a better future for yourself and others.
5) Shirley chisholm
Wikimedia Commons
“YOU DON’T MAKE PROGRESS BY STANDING ON THE SIDELINES, WHIMPERING AND COMPLAINING.”
— Shirley Chisholm (1924 - 2005)
Shirley Chisholm made history as the first African American woman elected to Congress and in 1972 she was the first African American woman to run for a major party’s presidential nomination.
She encouraged engagement and active participation for those who want to bring about change.
TAKE AWAY: If you want to change things, you have to step up, be involved, and help make progress. Simply complaining will not get things done.
6) mARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
“the time is always right to do what is right.”
— Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)
Dr. King spoke these words during the civil rights movement, emphasizing the importance of taking action for justice and equality.
He delivered the famous “I Have a Dream” speech and led numerous campaigns, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington.
(Reference: “The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.” edited by Clayborne Carson)
TAKE AWAY: Stand up for what is morally just and ethically right, regardless of popular opinion or circumstances. Do not wait for the “perfect” moment. Be courageous and act with integrity in all aspects of your life.
7) BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
Wikimedia Commons/Photo by Francis Benjamin Johnston, circa 1895
“WE SHOULD NOT PERMIT OUR GRIEVANCES TO OVERSHADOW OUR OPPORTUNITIES.”
— Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)
Born into slavery, Washington became a prominent educator, author, and advocate for African American advancement.
He founded the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) and promoted vocational training and economic self-reliance as the path to racial progress.
Washington's "Up from Slavery" was an unprecedented success, remaining the best-selling autobiography of an African American for over sixty years following its publication in 1901.
TAKE AWAY: Focus on the resources and opportunities you have available to you rather than letting hardships overwhelm you. Believe in the power of determination and have a positive outlook towards the future.
8) SERENA WILLIAMS
Photo Credit: Edwin Martinez from the Bronx/Wikimedia Commons
“I really think a champion is defined not by their wins but by how they can recover when they fall.”
— Serena Williams (b. 1981)
Serena Williams is a true force to be reckoned with in the world of tennis. Serena has left an unforgettable mark on the sport. Her unmatched athleticism and powerful playing style have helped her achieve an astonishing 23 Grand Slam singles titles, confirming her status as one of the greatest athletes of all time.
Beyond her remarkable success on the court, Williams is also a passionate advocate for gender equality and social justice. She uses her platform to speak out against injustice and has become an influential figure in the fight for equal pay in sports. Williams's impact extends far beyond tennis, making her a sporting icon, trailblazer, and role model.
TAKE AWAY: You will have wins but also failures. Treat setbacks as learning experiences. Being able to bounce back and rise stronger after a defeat is the true mark of a champion. It shows your courage, strength, and tenacity.
9) OPRAH WINFREY
CREATIVE COMMONS
“I AM WHERE I AM BECAUSE OF THE BRIDGES THAT I CROSSED. SOJOURNER TRUTH WAS A BRIDGE. HARRIET TUBMAN WAS A BRIDGE. IDA B. WELLS WAS A BRIDGE. MADAME C.J. WALKER WAS A BRIDGE. FANNIE LOU HAMER WAS A BRIDGE.”
Oprah Winfrey (b. 1954)
Oprah Winfrey is a renowned American media mogul, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. In 1986, she launched “The Oprah Winfrey Show,” a nationally syndicated talk show that became the highest-rated television program of its kind.
In 2011, Winfrey launched her own television network, OWN (Oprah Winfrey Network), providing a platform for diverse stories and voices.
Her achievements have gained her numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States. Winfrey uses her platform to inspire, empower, and make a positive impact on individuals and communities globally.
TAKE AWAY: There are trailblazers, people throughout history whose successes have paved the way for others. They are your bridges. Their efforts have helped overcome barriers. Learn from them.
10) TONI MORRISON
From Wikimedia Commons
“IF YOU CAN’T IMAGINE IT, YOU CAN’T HAVE IT.”
— Toni Morrison (1931-2019)
Toni Morrison was a celebrated writer, editor, and educator renowned for her profound examination of African American encounters and topics of race, identity, and gender.
She explored the African American experience and the aftermath of slavery through her works, receiving numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prize for Beloved in 1987 and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.
Toni Morrison's legacy continues to captivate readers and offer glimpses into the depths of the human spirit.
TAKE AWAY: Imagination fuels your motivation, ignites your creativity, and expands your sense of possibilities. Therefore the first step towards achieving something is to be able to imagine it, and then, you have to take steps to make it a reality.
11) LANGSTON HUGHES
Carl Van Vechten, Photographer/Public Domain
“A DREAM DEFERRED IS A DREAM DENIED.”
Langston Hughes (1902-1967)
Langston Hughes was a prominent poet, playwright, and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement that celebrated African American art, music, and literature in the 1920s and 1930s.
Hughes is well-known for his poetry collection “The Weary Blues” and his play “A Raisin in the Sun.” One of his most famous poems, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," shows his incredible talent. Published in 1921, when he was just 19, the work traces the history of African Americans back to ancient civilizations, connecting their heritage to the world's great rivers.
Beyond his literary achievements, Hughes was a dedicated social activist who used his platform to address racial injustice and inequality.
TAKE AWAY: Postponing your dreams can be disappointing. It can be heartbreaking whether they are delayed due to obstacles like finances or barriers that are out of your control. But don’t give up on your dreams. They can still come true.
12) JOHN LEWIS
Public Domain/Wikimedia
“you are a light. never let anyone — any person or any force — dampen, dim or diminish your light. study the path of others to make your way easier and more abundant.”
— John Lewis (1940-2020)
John Lewis was a civil rights leader, politician, and advocate for social justice. He played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement, participating in key events such as the Freedom Rides and the March on Washington.
Lewis served as a U.S. Representative for Georgia’s 5th congressional district for over 30 years, championing voting rights, gun control, and other progressive causes.
TAKE AWAY: Know your value and the unique contributions you can make to the world. Do not let external forces or negative influences undermine your self-belief or dampen your spirit. Learn from others and follow their paths.
13) mary mcleod bethune
“OUR CHILDREN MUST NEVER LOSE THEIR ZEAL FOR BUILDING A BETTER WORLD.”
— Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955)
Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, civil rights leader, and government official. She founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls (now Bethune-Cookman University).
President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Bethune to various roles, including special advisor on minority affairs. She was a tireless advocate for education, equal rights, and the empowerment of African American women.
TAKE AWAY: Your fresh perspectives, innovative ideas, and unyielding determination can lead to meaningful advancements in areas like social justice, education, and equality. You can make the world a better place.
14) MICHELLE OBAMA
Official White House Photo by Chuck Kennedy, 2013
“Just try new things. Don’t be afraid. Step out of your comfort zones and soar, all right?”
— Michelle Obama (b. 1964)
Michelle Obama served as the First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017, during the presidency of her husband, Barack Obama.
She received her law degree from Harvard Law School and began her legal career at a Chicago law firm. During her time as First Lady, Michelle Obama launched her Let’s Move! campaign aimed at combating childhood obesity and the Reach Higher initiative, encouraging young people to pursue higher education.
Michelle Obama is a bestselling author. Her memoir, “Becoming,” was published in 2018. She continues to advocate for girls’ education, women’s empowerment, and the well-being of military families.
TAKE AWAY: To reach your full potential, broader your horizons by trying something new. Take risks, embrace personal growth, and overcome your fears.
15) MUHAMMAD ALI
“DON’T COUNT THE DAYS, MAKE THE DAYS COUNT.”
— Muhammad Ali (1942-2016)
Muhammad Ali, born Cassius Clay, was one of the greatest heavyweight boxers in history. He began his boxing career at a young age and quickly rose through the ranks, earning a gold medal in the 1960 Olympics.
Not only did Ali dominate the sport with extraordinary athletic abilities, but he also captivated audiences with his bold personality and sharp wit. He coined phrases such as “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee” and “I am the greatest,” becoming an icon known for his self-confidence and charisma.
Outside of boxing, Ali was a civil rights advocate, humanitarian, and goodwill ambassador.
TAKE AWAY: Ali encouraged individuals to focus on making each day meaningful and purposeful. Do not simply count down the passing of time. Instead, pursue your dreams, contribute to your communities, and live intentionally and with a sense of purpose.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, inspirational words from African American leaders serve as powerful messages for young people. These leaders have faced challenges and triumphed, leaving behind a legacy of inspiration. As young individuals embark on their own journey, they can draw strength from these quotes and strive to make a positive impact.
By embracing their uniqueness, standing up against injustice, and believing in their abilities, young people can contribute to a better future for everyone.
The CROWN Act: Ending Hair Discrimination
Workplace and classroom administrators have fired or suspended Blacks who wear natural hairstyles, deeming their hair inappropriate for school and unprofessional for work.
The CROWN Act — Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair — protects individuals from hair discrimination. It is a partnership between Dove, the National Urban League, Color of Change, and the Western Center on Law and Poverty. The national campaign started in 2019.
Workplace and classroom administrators have fired or suspended Blacks who wear natural hairstyles, deeming their hair inappropriate for school and unprofessional for work.
The CROWN Act — Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair — protects individuals from hair discrimination. It is a partnership between Dove, the National Urban League, Color of Change, and the Western Center on Law and Poverty. The national campaign started in 2019.
It supports the belief that Black people should be able to wear their hair as it naturally grows out of their heads and not be forced to straighten their hair to fit standards created by White people.
The CROWN Act was created to change discriminatory policies. It demands protection against the workplace, charter, and K-12 public schools’ discrimination against protective hairstyling and hair texture.
Senator Holly J. Mitchell (CA) celebrates Gov. Cavin Newsom signing The CROWN Act on July 3, 2019 (Photo Credit: JOY Collective)
Holly Mitchell, former California State Senator (2013-2020), created and sponsored the CROWN Act bill. It was passed on June 27, 2019, by the California Legislature and was signed into law on July 3, 2019.
The CROWN Act was the first legislation against hairstyle and hair texture discrimination to be passed at the state level.
Why the CROWN Act Is Needed
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Acts protected biases and discrimination that targeted afros but not other cultural stylings such as braids or locs.
Without nationwide legal protection against hair bias and discrimination, Blacks are compelled to conform to Eurocentric standards or face the consequences.
The CROWN Act seeks to give added protection to Black hair and abolish policies that try to force Blacks to abide by Eurocentric hair standards, for example, straight hair vs. tightly coiled hair.
Imani Jackson, A black woman working as a salesperson at American Screening LLC, a drug and medical testing supply company in Louisiana, was fired in 2021 for not covering her afro-textured hair with a wig.
Wearing the wig was uncomfortable in the Louisiana heat and humidity, so Jackson decided to stop wearing the wig and started wearing her tight curly hair in a bun.
The owner ordered Jackson to “fix” her hair and return to wearing the straight wig to look professional. But employees who did not have tightly curled hair were allowed to wear their hair in buns or ponytails.
When Jackson refused to wear the wig, she was fired.
HAIR DISCRIMINATION AND ITS EFFECTS
Hair discrimination is most common in elementary schools, where children face hair discrimination as early as age five.
This discrimination continues into their teen years, affects their self-esteem and confidence, and causes them to miss school due to hair dissatisfaction.
Black women are 80% more likely to alter their natural hair to conform to workplace dress codes.
Black women are more likely to be sent home from work than their non-Black counterparts due to their hairstyle or texture.
Hair discrimination policies criminalize natural hair, justifying adults' expulsion from employment and removing Black kids from classrooms.
Black people risk facing the consequences for keeping their natural hair.
NATURAL HAIRSTYLES AND TEXTURES
What is Natural Hair?
Natural hair has not been altered using chemical straighteners such as permanent relaxers. Pressing or straightening using a flat iron, hot comb, brush or blow dryer is still considered natural because once the hair is wet, it will revert to its natural state.
But isn’t all hair natural since it naturally grows from your head?
Sometimes connotations come into play. Natural hair may be thought of as being not just unprocessed but “un-oppressed.” It’s not being changed to conform to Eurocentric beauty standards but a matter of choice and ease of maintenance.
For people of African ancestry, hair is deeply rooted in culture. It’s a crowning glory, a cause for celebration. And choosing to wear hair in a straight style that requires heat or chemicals should be a choice, not a mandate.
Straight hair was considered “good hair.” But good hair is any style you desire, whether natural or processed. Clean, healthy hair is what matters. Your hair, your right to maintain it as you see fit.
What Is Protective Styling?
Protective styling preserves hair health and shields it from the damage caused by combing, brushing, and harsh weather conditions that can cause hair to contract or expand weakening hair fibers.
These styles promote hair growth by discouraging manipulation and limit the pulling and tugging of constant hair styling. And since less manipulation is used or needed, they save time.
Protective styles include wigs, braids, cornrows, Bantu knots, buns, plaits, chignon, locs, updos, and two-strand twists. These styles help hair ends, the oldest and most fragile parts of your hair.
Some workplaces and schools have dress codes and grooming policies that discriminate against natural hairstyles. Rules that depict the texture and tight curls that easily allow hair to be shaped into braids, locs, and afros as unkempt and unprofessional.
This lack of understanding and lack of empathy leads to school and workplace bias that believes everyone should live by just one standard of beauty.
Black Hair Discrimination
Attacks on Black hair cover a broad spectrum. Children. Adults. Kids at school. Kids playing sports. Men and women on the job working to provide for themselves and their families.
It’s not just hair. It’s the entire person who’s being discriminated against. You can’t separate the two. Hair discrimination has a wide and lasting effect.
For centuries hair has been one of many traits used to define an individual’s race. Hair discrimination linked to hairstyles of a particular race and the policies that criminalize natural hair to justify firing adults from employment and expelling Black kids from school is racial discrimination.
Mya and Deanna Cook
As high school students, twin sisters Mya and Deanna Cook’s battle against hair discrimination began in 2017 when they were just 15 years old.
They were given in-school detention at their Mystic Valley school, threatened with school suspension, and told they would not be allowed to attend junior prom all because they refused to stop wearing braided hair extensions.
Deanna was removed from the track team, and Mya was not allowed to participate in softball.
MYA AND DEANNA COOK (Photo Credit: Jonathan Wiggs/The Boston Globe)
As the sisters' battle against discrimination became widely known, it drew the attention of the Massachusetts attorney general, Marna Healey. Her office sent a letter ordering the school to stop enforcing its discriminatory policy.
Also, the American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts filed a complaint with the state’s education department calling for eliminating the policy banning hair extensions.
Together, they succeeded in getting the hair policy removed from the girls’ school and neighboring schools.
The policies were not applied consistently at their Boston-area high school, Mystic Valley Regional Charter School. Hair extensions were banned for all students but selectively enforced for students of color. Also, only Black and biracial students had their hair inspected for extensions.
Twins Deanna and Mya and their parents, Aaron and Colleen Cook, joined Governor Charlie Baker at the signing of the CROWN Act bill on July 26, 2022, at the State House in Boston, Massachusetts. (Photo Credit: Reba Saldanha/Boston Herald)
The sisters fought the discrimination many Black girls face, being criminalized because of their appearance. They fought for change and made their voices heard. Now the law in Massachusetts prevents school and workplace discrimination against people wearing natural hairstyles.
DeAndre Arnold
In January 2020, several months before his high school graduation, DeAndre Arnold was given an ultimatum. Cut his locs or be banned from attending his Barbers Hill graduation ceremony. On top of that, if he didn’t cut his locs, he would be forced to attend in-school suspension for the remainder of the school year.
Instead, he chose to change schools and keep the dreadlocks he had been growing for years. DeAndrea’s father is from Trinidad, and long dreadlocks are a part of the culture.
Barber Hills contended that their policy was not racist and that all male students were held to the same grooming standards.
Yet Christina Beeler, a former attorney with the Juvenile and Capital Advocacy Project at the University of Houston Law Center, showed that Barbers Hill policy was selectively enforced. She searched Barbers Hill yearbooks and saw photos of white male students with long hair.
“White male students aren't being held to the same standard,” Beeler said. “It’s so clear that white male students and black students are being treated differently.”
DeAndre’s stance drew the attention of Matthew A Cherry, the writer of the book and movie “Hair Love” and the movie’s producers Dwayne Wade and Gabrielle Union. They invited DeAndre to attend the Oscars, where the short animated film was nominated for and won best short animated film.
“We’ve all been so inspired by your story, and this is the very least we can do to thank you for standing up for yourself and for your right to wear your natural hair at school,” Cherry said.
As a guest on the Ellen Show, DeAndre was awarded a $20,000 scholarship check from Shutterfly presented to him by Alicia Keyes.
Brittany Noble Jones, a black news anchor, decided to wear her natural after the birth of her son. In 2019, her bosses accused her of having “shaggy and unkempt hair” and terminated her on-air job.
Andrew Johnson (Image Credit: SNJ Today/Mike Frankel)
Andrew Johnson, New Jersey High School wrestler, was forced by the referee to cut his hair or fail to participate in his wrestling match.
The issue with Johnson’s hair was not the length. The referee claimed that Johnson’s hair was “unnatural.”
jett hawkins law
Gus “Jett” Hawkins (Photo Credit: Colin Boyle/Block Club Chicago)
It was March 2021 when Gus “Jett” Hawkins arrived at preschool. He was especially excited to show everyone his braided hairstyle. Instead of welcoming him, school administrators called his mother, Ida Nelson, to inform her that Jett’s hairstyle violated the school’s dress code.
In response, Jett’s mother, Ida Nelson, sought to educate others on the CROWN Act. She took her fight first to social media, then to the news media. Senator Mike Simmons, who wears free-style locs, joined the fight and soon the Jett Hawkins Law was passed into law, banning hair discrimination in schools.
On June 29, 2022, the CROWN Act was signed into Illinois state law. Sponsored by state senator Mattie Hunter, it extends to the Jett Hawkins Law and prevents hair discrimination in the workplace and public areas such as theaters, parks, stores, and restaurants.
The Crown Act legislation
Many states have passed the CROWN Act or similar bills that will give Blacks protection from hair bias.
Alaska is the 19th state to provide legal protections against hair discrimination.
The CROWN Act and Laws Inspired by the CROWN Act
Have Been Signed in 23 States:
U.S. Virgin Islands (Territory) - On April 11, 2022, The U.S. Virgin Islands enacted ‘The Virgin Islands Crown Act of 2022,’ which prohibits discrimination based on hair texture or hairstyle.
Washington, D.C. - 1977 Human Rights Act, Includes protection of personal appearance, including hairstyles.
Senator Holly J. Mitchell’s Presentation of SB 188 (California’s CROWN Act Bill)
Hair discrimination, according to the NAACP, is systemic and based on racism. Although the CROWN Act legislation on the state level gives Blacks legal safety from the consequences of keeping their natural hair at work or school, there is still a need for federal protection.
Grooming policies and dress codes at many workplaces and schools prohibit natural hairstyles, such as Bantu knots, afros, locs, and braids. The policies criminalize Black hair, justifying the consequences of keeping natural hairstyles by removing Blacks from their jobs or classrooms.
CROWN stands for Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair
After decades of advocates calling for policy change at the federal level, congressional action on hair discrimination based on race came to pass.
The U.S. Congress passed the CROWN Act bill that bans hair discrimination based on race in federal programs, workplaces, and public accommodations. The bill now awaits Senate approval.
The bill will prohibit hair style and texture discrimination and bias at the federal level if the Senate enacts it and the President signs it into law.
Everyone should be able to get a job, secure housing, succeed in the workplace or school, and exercise their right to have naturally textured hairstyles without facing discrimination or bias.
READ more ABOUT IT
Learn More About It
Banning Hair Discrimination Emerges as Racial Justice Issue.
DOJ defends 2 Texas teens in fight with school district over long locs, by CNN, JULY 27, 2021.
8 times kids stood up for their natural hair, by Zoë Ettinger, April 24, 2020.
Black Hairstyles: Historical Significance and Etymology, Illinois State Board of Education
Natural Hair Discrimination, Frequently Asked Questions (Legal Defense Fund)